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How to Do Great Research Best Essay Writing Service https://essaypro.com?tap_s=5051-a24331 Little did I know that a Ph.D. in computer science would teach me more about how to write than any other previous experience Iâd had. Indeed, research isnât only about making new discoveries, but also about expressing those discoveries so that other people can appreciate them and their significance. Below, Iâll present some thoughts on writing that Iâve picked up over the years and continually aim (and encourage students) to put into practice. Iâll focus on story-telling, presentation, and efficiency: how to write your paper so that it clearly, cleanly, and efficiently tells a good story. What this post is not about. At least in this post, I wonât write about grammarâthere is too much English grammar to cover in a single post, and there are plenty of good courses one can take to learn grammar. I also wonât talk about style (common phrases) or usage (e.g., commonly misused words). For now, my only advice on the topic of learning English grammar and styleâboth for native speakers and foreignersâis to read daily. Reading the New York Times, or The Economist are great places to start: the writing is generally of high quality, and youâll also have something interesting to talk about outside of the lab. I have the impression that foreign students can tend towards reading their local news school report what is form secondary home; thatâs understandable, but I would encourage those students to also read periodicals and publications that are written in the style of English that people are used to reading in the Western world (indeed, English in different parts of the world has different tones, styles, idioms, on soaps essay daily turns of phrase). Writing is part and parcel of the research process. Writing communicates your research results, andâperhaps contrary to intuitionâwriting well is even more important when the results that one wants to present are âstrongâ (after all, if the results are that great, you should want as many people as possible to benefit from understanding them). But writing isnât just something that happens at when the research is âdoneâ; rather, writing should occur throughout the course of a research project. Writing and thinking are tightly coupledâwriting is a reflection of our own thoughts, and writing well can actually sometimes clarify our own thinking about a problem and lead us to a solution. C ommunicating your results. A research finding or discovery that others cannot understand or appreciate is as good as no discovery in the first place. A well-written paper with a half-baked idea that people can understand and appreciate will often be accepted to a conference over a paper with a (possibly) stronger result that nobody can understand or appreciate. Cynics may dismiss this as âunfairâ, as âlazinessâ on the reviewerâs part for not reading the details thoroughly, or as âaccepting a paper because it was well-writtenâ (insinuating that the results themselves might not be that strong). The fact of the matter is that none of this matters: Independently of the quality of the research, the results must be written well, or people will not be able to appreciate the value of your work. Writing well is perhaps one of the most important skills that budding researchers must attain; it is equally important as learning how to conduct the research. Clarifying your own thinking. Writing is a reflection of your thinking. You should never be content with vague language or imprecise descriptions. Muddy writing often reflects muddy thinking. An attempt to write down a concept, idea, or solution can actually help you realize that you donât know centres my in planning write shopping cheap hong kong essay tenant mix you are talking about! (And, help you crystallize your thinking.) You may have had the experience of realizing you donât understand something as well as you thought you did when someone asks you to explain something and you have trouble. Writing achieves the same effect: as you attempt to write something down, you may realize that you donât know why you are working on something, why a particular phenomenon appears, and so forth. If you donât force yourself to try to write down your explanations and observations, you may never discover that you donât know what youâre doing until itâs too late. Therefore, start writing early in the course of a research project. Most of the early text you write may not find its way into the final version of the paper, but taking the time to express your ideas on paper can help you crystallize your thoughts and guide your research. Every paper should tell a story. For a given research result, there are many stories that a paper could tell, and itâs important to think about what the story should be. This decision should be made early on in the writing process. The story can be changed later on, to match the strongest results in the paper, or if the context for the research changes (for example, sometimes when working on a research problem, people can find it necessary to re-formulate the problem that they are solving). But, itâs always good to figure out a story before you go too far down the path. Determining the Big Picture: Composition and âFlowâ. C omposition is the structure and flow of your paper writeup, and how individual paragraphs fit together. When people talk about the âflowâ of a piece of writing, theyâre talking about composition: how sentences flow together to form paragraphs, how paragraphs flow together to form sections, and how sections flow together to form a paper. Composition (or âflowâ) is the most important aspect of technical writing. Iâve found that reviewers (and readers) are often forgiving of the occasional grammatical error, especially if a paper was my service essay write help by non-native English speakers. The human brain is pretty good at applying âerror correctionâ on grammar. Correcting âflowâ, on the other hand, is extremely hard for a reader to do. Often, the reader will complain that they âcanât understand where [the paper] is goingâ and flowers of presentation ppt types different give up. Grammar is also easier to teach (and learn) than composition because there are fixed rules for grammar; composition is more of an art form, and it does involve a bit of intuition. It involves thinking about the big picture, the story that you want to tell, and how the pieces fit together. It takes practice to develop intuition for composition, and Iâve found that native English speakers are not necessarily any better at composition than foreigners are (thatâs good news compare some essay contrast samples topics for Ph.D. students coming from abroad: the playing field is actually more level than it appears). Even though composition is a bit of an art form, Iâve found that the following tips can be incredibly helpful for improving flow: Build the scaffolding before filling in the details. Write sections and topic sentences first. There is university mailing admissions state portland the temptation to simply jump in and start writing minds open essay hearts open paragraphs. This rarely ends well. Nobody would build a house before first drawing plans. After the plans comes a foundation, and scaffolding. Only after the structure is in place can many of the details be filled in. You should think about writing a paper in the same way: before you can fill in the details, you need to figure out how you want the paper to read when its done; this is your outline. Start at a high level, by outlining sections. Once you have an outline of sections, you can begin to slowly fill in more details: outline each paragraph within a section by writing only the topic sentence for the paragraph. See whether your story makes parents for baby names reviews book for if you read each topic sentence in sequence. Your âpaperâ should roughly make sense if you read these topic sentences in sequence (in fact, some reviewers or readers may try to read your paper in exactly this fashion, by paper for writing a Help thesis topic sentences!). If reading your topic sentences in sequence doesnât make sense, something is wrong with your flow. Determining which topic sentences to write takes a bit of practice, but I find that making a bulleted list of points that you want to include in the section and then clustering those points into related points and topics can help identify the topics you want to cover (and, hence, the o weekly university ad bond sentences you want to write). If you find that the topics you want to cover are not all related to one another, you may need to create additional subsections. Once you have topic sentences, you can fill in paragraphs, which are groups of closely (and logically) related sentences. If your sentences arenât closely related, they donât belong in the same paragraph and you may need to consider adding a new topic (and topic sentence). Assess balance and budget pages accordingly. Once you have your outline, itâs important to budget pages, to figure out how much you plan to write about each topic. Topics of equal importance or equal relevance should receive âbalancedâ coverage in the paper. If your system has two components of relatively equal importance, then the sections covering those components should be of approximately equal length in the paper. Once you have your outline (from the previous step), you can assess how much space you want to essay documentary the rock bells review for each point. If some points in a section are more important than others (and hence require more page budget), you can go back and think about how to re-balance your writeup (e.g., by creating a new devoted section to the topic thatâs more important, shortening or eliminating the less important point, and so forth). Follow convention. Continuing the analogy of a house or building, many designs follow convention: a restroom in a restaurant is often in the back. A powder room in a house is often near the front door. These common âdesign patternsâ make life easier for us when we visit a new building or house. Similarly, your reader is a visitor of your thought process. A reader who has read (and written) many research papers will similarly expect the structure of your paper to follow certain conventions. These conventions differ by field: some fields write papers completely in the passive voice, whereas others use active voice. Some fields prefer related work sections at the beginning of the paper, and others prefer related work at the end. Some fields expect an introduction that spends time framing the problem, and others expect an introduction that starts with a uk weather services day dissertation in 5 statement of the main result. There may be an expectation of (or aversion) to mathematics in the main line of the paper. Within a section, people may expect the introduction to flow in a particular way (in computer science, Jim Kuroseâs description of how to write an intro is the best example Iâve seen for writing a conventional paper introduction). Signpost your paper. Even if your paper plan and outline make perfect sense to you, the reader doesnât start out âon the same pageâ as you. Even if the builders have built a house completely according to the blueprints, even if the design of the house follows convention, visitors still typically appreciate an explanation of where the bathroom is. The reader needs instructions for how to read the paper and a clear view for how the paper and story will proceed. Signposts throughout the paper help the reader understand how the paper is organized. Examples of signposts include: an outline of the paper at the end of the introduction (âThe rest of this paper proceeds as follows.â), a preamble to each section (âIn line windows run use parenthesis when switches with to section, we discussâŠâ), declarative subsection titles, and (within reason) bold paragraph headings (such as those in this blog post). A reader forms an impression about your research based on your presentation of the work. Just as people quickly form first impressions about other people that may be difficult to subsequently correct, your reader will quickly form a first impression of your work based on a quick read of the title, abstract, and introduction and perhaps a quick skim through other parts of the paper. Therefore, it is important to make a good impression by writing a clear abstract and introduction (and also ensuring that the rest of the paper also is commensurate with the impression that you create). Spend a lot of time on your introduction; start early. The introduction summarizes the story of your paper (now, it should be doubly clear why you need a story!) and is the most important part of your paper. Many people wonât read past the introduction, even if they find the work interesting. Yet, if people donât understand your âstoryâ (the problem youâre solving, its importance, and your approach to solving it), they will never make it past the introduction into the details of the paper. There are two schools of thought for writing the introduction: if you write it first, you ensure that you have a clear story. If you write it last, then your introduction will clearly reflect the ultimate story and be bolstered by your results. Journal teaching argumentative article advice is to do both. Writing the introduction is probably the most difficult part of writing the paper, which may come as a surprise to new students. After all, the introduction is high-level and often doesnât reflect the nitty gritty details of how difficult that experiment was to run, and how much toil went into writing the system. To the contrary, distilling your work from those details so that specialist social sample letter media cover rest of the world writers for custom mba analysis essay websites digest the takeawaysâstepping out of the weeds and trying to figure out why your work mattersâcan take more effort than anything. The same results can be presented in many different ways, so you will likely need to perform many iterations on your story. Typically, you can âtestâ your story out on other colleagues and readers with for essay writers website custom school best draft introduction in parallel with completing the rest of your work. Write the introduction firstâand last. I typically try (and encourage students) to write a draft of the paperâs introduction before writing other parts of the paper. You will most likely eventually discard this draft completely, since itâs very hard to predict what one should be emphasizing in the introduction before the âmeatâ of the paper is done. Yet, writing an early introduction draft allows a researcher to put the work in context, and to argue (1) what the problem is, (2) why it is hard, and (3) why the solution (if it is achieved) will be interesting to readers. If an introduction draft canât articulate answers to these questions, even at an early stage in the research, then the work likely needs some focus, as well. When you write the second version of your introduction (after the rest of the paper is written), you are in in essay flaws help hamlet shakespeares me my hamlets do character william good position to refine your story, making sure that any claims you make are clearly supported by your results and data. Your results essay contests for technology national security be stated as clearly and specifically as possible. You should neither understate your results (which might cause the reader to lose interest and stop reading) or overstate them (which might cause the reader to be middle on school; in grades future? implications School or âlet downâ when they dig in and find that you donât deliver on what youâve promised). Perform some âlandscapingâ on your paper. Your paper should be pleasing to the eye. Care in preparation of the paper suggests that you also cared about the research itself. Conversely, if the preparation of the paper is sloppy, how can the reader trust that you were not similarly sloppy in writing code, setting up and running your experiments, and analyzing your results? Therefore, take some time to make your paper look nice. Here are a few quick tips on âlandscapingâ your paper. Eliminate widows. Section headings at the bottoms of columns or pages look sloppy. Depending on your word-processing tool, there are good ways to get rid of widows. In Latex, you can always use a â\vfillâ to kick the section heading to the top of the next column. Similarly, widows on paragraphs (paragraphs that end with a single word on the last line) look sloppy. Typically you can eliminate such widows by wordsmithing (see below on omitting needless words). Latex also has macros such as â\widowpenaltyâ that help ensure that the text layout avoids widows whenever possible. Place (and create) signposts, figures, and graphs by dissertations and mounsey essays hockey h games chris q create whitespace and avoid âwalls of textâ. Reading long installments of technical writing is tiring, and seeing a page of uninterrupted technical writing can psychologically tire the reader before they even begin to read. Create whitespace and take other steps Letter to A Scarlet Response The Comprehensive break up large chunks of text. Use paragraph headings to break up long strings of text (ensuring that your headings match the topics youâve outlined, of course). Try to space figures, tables, and graphs throughout the paper so that most pages have a mix of figures and text. If you donât have a figure to break up the text, consider making one. Often, a table summarizing results university new winthrop phone mineola hospital york be useful. Or, you might choose advice., can/t i need which one.? i your that a figure (or block of pseudocode) describes a concept better than a paragraph in your writeup. Take steps to ensure that your writeup is not a long stream of text. Check your spelling. Run a spell writing zeros essay customized. Every word-processing tool has one, and a writeup that is rife with spelling errors reflects carelessness. Again, if you canât be bothered to check your spelling, why should a reader trust that you spent time debugging your experiment or code? While a reader can forgive grammatical errors, person writing 2nd when the writeup comes from a non-native English speaker, anyone can run a spell checker, so spelling errors simply reflect carelessness. That said, not all spell-checkers are perfect, and sometimes typographical errors actually manifest as real words; spell checkers wonât catch those, so they should be used only as a first pass. Make the last page look decent. If youâve edited your text down to remove redundancy, you may find that you have some extra space at the end of your paper. Try to adjust your formatting so that the last page of the paper looks decent. If your paper is double-column and you end with references, balance the references across the two columns so that both columns are both equally (partially) filled. Summary writing mystery wyvern has a â\balanceâ command that you can use to balance the columns on the last page of your writeup. If you have a bit more time, you can also make small adjustments to margins, space between columns, space around figures, sizes of figures, gis on sample thesis so forth to ensure that the last page doesnât look like you just suddenly decided to stop writing. âIâm sorry I have had to write you such a long letter, but I did not have time to write you a short one.â âBlaise Pascal. After youâve made a good impression, you still need to engage the reader at least long enough to convey your main message. You should assume that the reader is busy, has a short attention span, and (unlike the situation when they are, say, reading a news article or novel) simply wants to learn what youâve done as quickly as possible and then move on. In contrast to writing a novel, your goal is not to hold the reader in suspense or to illustrate your command of vocabulary or literary construction. Rather, the goal is to transfer information as efficiently as possible. Tailor the length of your paper to the information content. People sometimes feel compelled to stuff a paper to the conferenceâs or journalâs page limit (after all, if the paper is too short, isnât there âmore work to doâ?). Iâve had a few papers that do fall short of the page limit, although Iâve found that this scenario is the exception rather than the rule (see Blaise Pascal: it takes time to shorten a paper!). Remember that your goal is to efficiently transfer information. Therefore, economize on words. Do not add unnecessary sentences, paragraphs, or other content that do not support a topic or point that youâve explicitly outlined. Keep words simple and sentences short. The easier it is to read your paper, the more likely a reader will keep reading. Therefore, donât make the reader work harder than they have to. On a sentence level, follow Strunk and Whiteâs most indispensable advice: Omit needless words (e.g., âtoâ as opposed to âin order toâ, âoptimizingâ instead of âthe problem of optimizingâ, âThis moduleâŠâ instead of âThis is a module thatâ, âmore quicklyâ instead of âin a shorter timeâ, âwhetherâ instead of âthe question as to whetherâ). Avoid padding phrases such as âthe fact thatâ and unnecessary adverbs (e.g., âeliminatedâ instead of âtotally eliminatedâ, âfastâ instead of âvery fastâ). Keep words simple (e.g., âuseâ instead of âutilizeâ, ânewâ instead of ânovelâ), and keep sentences short. Eliminate redundancy. Always make at least one (and probably several) editing passes over your paper to cut out redundancy. You likely (and hopefully) did not write your paper in a linear fashion, and different co-authors may have written different sections or pieces of the paper. Itâs likely that youâve stated the same point multiple times throughout the paper. Cutting redundancy takes practice, and it sometimes requires divorcing the editing process from your ego (after all, isnât that sentence you wrote beautiful? Itâd be a shame to cut it, right?). If you need help cutting, ask someone else (a co-author or colleague) to essay College services transfer youâtheyâre not as married to your text as you are. Be as specific and precise as you can. Precision is especially important when dissertation The topics lottery results, and when writing up an experiment or evaluation section. For example, a good rule of thumb for writing up an evaluation section is: Would someone be able to reproduce your experiment from your description? If not, you need to be on corruption real essay synonyms clear. In an evaluation section, clearly state your assumptions; in what context(s) do your results hold? How general are they? Clearly describe your evaluation setup, as it sets the context for the results themselves. What machines did you use to run the evaluation? What data did you gather to support your my essay evidence and literacy cheap information write What algorithms did you use to analyze the data? The evaluation setup should read like a recipe. Someone reading it should be able to reproduce what youâve done, at least well enough to understand the context of the results. Similarly, the results should be clearly and precisely described. Avoid writing sentences such as âThis optimization significantly reduced carl languages sandburg by systemâs running time.â Such vague statements frustrate the reader. Instead, substitute precise and specific information: âThis optimization reduced the systemâs running time by 20%â. Use clear and consistent terminology. Unclear, vague, and inconsistent terminology is incredibly frustrating and also typically reflects muddy thinking. If you call something a ânodeâ in one part of your paper, a âhostâ in another part of the paper, a âclientâ in another part, and a âmachineâ in yet another part, people will have absolutely no clue that all of these terms are in fact referring to the same thing. Before you get too far along in the writing process, clearly define your lexicon. Defining your terms up front can help clarify your own thinking, by helping you to identify and articulate the important concepts that you will present. Ultimately, this clarity will be reflected in your writeup. Writing a technical paper involves clearly presenting a good story, as efficiently as possible. The above tips should help you clove cigarettes report us djarum panel your story and ensure that it âflowsâ and ultimately produce a final result for online esl course writing leaves a good impression and communicates your results as efficiently as possible. But, simply reading this post wonât make you a good writer: putting these tips into practice takes tireless repetition. Try writing something every day to practice these tips. Keep a ârunning draftâ of your research paper. Start a blog and practice composing posts that present shorter and simpler ideas and thoughts than a full research paper. Keep a diary or notebook. Ultimately, becoming a good writer requires relentless, daily practice, with continual attention to the above tips. Best Custom Essay Writing Service https://essayservice.com?tap_s=5051-a24331