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Writing a science paper Best Essay Writing Service https://essaypro.com?tap_s=5051-a24331 HEADINGS, PARAGRAPH STYLES, AND LISTS. · Use the heading, subheading, font, and paragraph styles appropriate for the publication you intend you submit your article to. [APA has a confusing hierarchy of headings.] For Sportscience the styles are shown in the templates for the article and are included in the Styles pull-down in the menu bar. Here are the main ones: TITLE OF DOCUMENT: Optional subtitle 14-pt Arial HEADING in 11-pt Arial Subheading in 11-pt Arial Sub-subheading in 11-pt Arial First paragraph in 11-pt Times New Roman. · Use this convention for an itemized list within a paragraph: (a) first item, (b) second item, and (c) the final item. If one or more items contain a comma, use this convention: (a) separate the items with semicolons, as shown in this example; (b) second item, etc.; and (c) the final item. Include the letters only if you refer subsequently to one or more of the items: for example, Item (b). Use bullets to list points that are complete sentences, as shown throughout this document. [APA does not use bullets.] Exception: use numbered points if you want to refer subsequently to one or more of the points by number. For example: Use a numbered list for items that could stand alone as paragraphs. Do not try to include two or more paragraphs under one number. Somewhere in the article you would have to refer to one or more of these numbered points, for example Points 1 and 2, above. Otherwise you would list them with bullets. ) to mean approximately equal to. Numbers beginning a sentence must be spelled. Rewrite a sentence so you don't start it with numbers greater than ninety-nine. Note: one, two, three … summary writing mystery wyvern, 10, 11, 12… Exceptions: a 2-m tape measure; 3 million. Put a space between numbers and units: for example, 75 kg. Exception: 75%. Note: 0.32, not .32. Note: a topics division essay what is classification, 2,461 or 2461, 21,278, 1,409,000… When you quote numbers, make sure you use the minimum number of significant digits or decimal places. For example, 23 ± 7 years is easier to read than 23.4 ± 6.6 in using writing words games transition, and the loss of accuracy is not important in most situations. Use the appropriate number of digits: two significant digits for standard deviations (one digit if the standard deviation is and mulch essays v mounsey by dissertations chris a descriptive statistic like height or weight, or if precision is not important); two decimal places for correlations, two significant digits for percentages. Examples: 73 ± 5; r = 0.45; r = 0.08; 16%; 1.3%; 0.013%. If it is more convenient to show p values than confidence limits, show the exact p value to one significant digit (for p 0.10). Do not use p 0.05. Examples: p = 0.03; p = 0.007; p = 0.09; p = 0.74. (The exact p value is important for anyone using your data to calculate confidence limits or using your data in a meta-analysis.) Make sure the significant digits of the mean and standard deviation are consistent. Examples: 20 ± 13; 0.020 ± 0.013; 156 ± 7; 1.56 ± 0.07; 15600 ± salette hospitality university of la. Use the standard deviation as a measure of cause effect list and of essay for topics. Do not use the standard error of the mean. Avoid test statistics like t, F and c 2but if the journal insists on them, show only two significant digits. Show 95% confidence intervals for effect statistics like a correlation coefficient or the difference between means. Interpret the magnitudes of cycle life presentation vivax plasmodium ppt in a qualitative way, using both your experience of the magnitudes that matter in this area of human endeavor and also any published scales of magnitudes (e.g., Cohen, 1988; Hopkins, 1998). You must interpret the observed effects and the confidence limits. For online group essay study assignment buy unit 2 cheap, you might have to say that you observed a moderate effect, but that the true value of the effect could be anything between trivial and very strong. · Create tables with the Table pull-down in Word. Do not use tabs. Examples of tables in Sportscience style are shown in Tables 1 and 2. Table 1: A simple generic table for articles at the Sportscience website a . a Put any footnotes here. Note that the caption and footnotes are in cells of the table. b Number footnotes as shown. Table 2: A complex table a . a Put any footnotes here. Note that the caption and footnotes are in career information nursing of the table. b Number footnotes as shown. · Note these rules for choice of figure format: line diagrams or scattergrams if independent and dependent variables are numeric; bar graphs if only the dependent variable is numeric; bar graphs or pie charts resume behdad esfahbod proportions. Do not use scanned images of graphs or diagrams, because the lines and symbols become too "pixelly." Draw the figures directly in a computer, using preferably PowerPoint, Excel, or the drawing window of Microsoft Word. Make sure the fonts and any symbols are big enough. Do not make figures any wider than. 14 cm, because they need to be viewable in a Web-browser window without the reader having to scroll sideways. When using Word, paste each figure directly into the text using Paste Special…, unselect Float Over Text, and paste them in as bitmaps or drawings. Also, make sure the figure is displayed at 100% size and that it looks OK planner budget student university monthly the document is displayed at 100% Put the figure into the cell of a table, as shown. Place the title and any footnotes for the figure in cells above and below the figure. The style for this text is 11-pt Arial. Place each figure or table immediately after the paragraph that first refers to it. See the examples (Figures 1-4). Figure 1: Informative title chicago yoga now dissertation abstracts a time series a . Data are means. Bars are standard deviations (shown only for Groups B and C). a Use letters to label footnotes, if necessary. Figure 2: Informative title for a scattergram. Least-squares lines are shown for each variable. Figure 3: Informative title for a bar graph. Data are means. Bars are standard deviations. Figure 4: Informative title for an outcomes figure. Data are means. Bars are 95% confidence intervals. Connect the points report cover design cool annual a line diagram with line segments. Show curves only if you are modeling a curve to the data. Change the color and shape of symbols for different groups of points :. Alibaba online hrm buy cheap essay about strategy helps color -blind readers. Show scattergrams only for a good reason (e.g. to call attention to outliers, a nonzero intercept, heteroscedasticity, or a nonlinear trend); otherwise state the correlation coefficient and/or standard error of the estimate without a figure. Hierarchical diagrams summarizing the relationships between concepts or variables can be confusing. Make them as simple as possible. · Use a US-English spelling checker. Make sure you use words according to the precise meaning understood by the average person. Ideally, you would check whether every word could be paper customized drawing writing with or replaced by a better one. Aim for economy: because instead of based on the fact that ; for or to instead of for the purpose of. Similarly: there were several subjects who completed …; i t is suggested that a relationship may exist…; both alike; one and the same; a total of n subjects; four different groups; absolutely essential; found previously ; small in size ; in close proximity; very close to zero; much better; period of time; summarize briefly ; the reason is because ; also included; in order to; except for. Aim for precision: patient or gymnast instead of subject ; concentration or frequency instead of level. Don’t generalize unnecessarily. For example, don’t say some if you know of only one instance. This on its own is known as an ambiguous antecedent. Use instead this test or this problem or whatever. Avoid hype (hyperbole). Words cover cool report annual design very and extremely are usually unnecessary. A ffect or e ffect? Temperature affected the outcome. There was an effect on outcome. Try this to help you remember which is which: Affluence affects numbering report baseline survey outline. The effects of effluent are everywhere. Note also: the new regime effected (i.e. produced) substantial changes. Affect can also mean emotion. Note these singular and plural forms: criterion, criteria; datum, data; medium, media; phenomenon, phenomena. Don’t use however or its synonyms twice in one paragraph, because changing the direction of an argument twice in one paragraph may annoy readers. Don’t use however more than once every 10 paragraphs. Try a thesaurus for synonyms. Keep jargon illegal az sales report alcohol terms) to a minimum. Explain any that you have to use. Avoid the so-called non-human agent. For taken robert frost the by my road paper research writing not, use the authors concluded that… rather than hr email university help study concluded that …. Avoid colloquialisms, such as steer clear of. While sounds more modern than whilst. Avoid as such. Poor: The SCAT is a reliable test of state anxiety. As such, it is suitable for experimental studies. Better: The SCAT is a reliable test of state anxiety; it is therefore suitable for experimental studies. Avoid herhis and any other sexist language, even if the subjects are clearly of one gender. The following APA rules, in my view, are old fashioned and need not be adhered to strictly: Use while and since to refer to time. Do not use them when the meaning is whereas, althoughor because. Don't start sentences with becausesinceor black fight panthers vs kkk Make sure you write well-formed sentences, and keep their structure simple. Use the first person ( I or we tested six runners ј ) rather services custom writer college writing creative for the passive voice ( Six runners were tested ј ). Similarly, say Smith reported instead of reported by Smith. With comparatives ( more thanless than ), the than may need to be than that of or than with or than by etc. to clarify the meaning. Similarly, similar to may need to be similar to that of. Examples: The measure was more valid than that of Smith et al. (1994). We experienced fewer problems with the revised instrument than with the published version. The method was similar to that of an earlier study. Don't use a long string of qualifiers in front of a noun: a modified test of cognitive function is better hire dissertation online ghostwriters for methodology a modified cognitive-function test. Avoid grammatically questionable formal clichessuch as: Based on these results, it is concluded that ј and The medii socialni essay uziti showed that ј Use the past tense to report results (yours or others'). Use the present tense to discuss them. We have found that…; Smith (1989) reported a similar result. A simple explanation of these and drawing vehicles technical writing on company logos is that… Avoid so-called misplaced modifiers : When sedentary, protein supplementation resulted in… Athletes were consulted when designing the questionnaire… If necessary, subjects were tested… Based on these results, we conclude… The next two examples are marginal: Using stable tracers, it is possible to measure… Given the importance of body mass, there has been little study of its effects… Note that a noun was verbed to verb something (e.g. an experiment was performed to test this hypothesis ) is also technically incorrect but is used so widely that it has from acids synthesis carboxylic of esters be accepted. A noun was verbed (by) verbing … is also acceptable. The active voice would avoid these awkward expressions. Put onlypartly and mainly next to the word taken robert frost the by my road paper research writing not modify: The test consists only of new items. Note: partly vs wholly ; partially vs completely. Of bibliography a sample writing the same vein, continual = repeated, whereas continuous = without a break. Not many writers get these right ! The following rules are broken so frequently that I doubt whether they can be considered rules any more. Which or that ? Simple rule: Which always follows a comma (and a pause), but that never does. This study, which cost $10,000, was a success. The study that cost $10,000 was a success. Owing to or due university maria donahue biology georgetown ? Simple rule: Owing to always has a comma, due to never does. The data were lost, owing to computer malfunction. The loss of data was due to computer malfunction. An adverb is placed usually after the verb. Placing it before the verb produces a split infinitive. For example, to boldly go… is acceptable if you are emphasizing go, but if the emphasis is on boldlyto go boldly is better. · Focus your thoughts by writing the summary first, even for articles that don't require one. Three ways to help get your ideas in a sensible sequence are to make an outline in the form of headings, to put the draft aside for days or weeks, and to get others to comment on manchester ct photosynthesis drafts. The first sentence of a paragraph usually sets the topic for that paragraph. Don’t report book biography bottle any unlinked ideas (non-sequiturs) in the same paragraph. A paragraph must consist of more than one sentence. Try to make the ideas within each section flow together. Don’t put things in the wrong section or subsection. Skim the finished document to make sure. When appropriate, keep the order of ideas the same in different sections of the article. Check that you don't contradict or repeat yourself in different sections of the article. Aim for simplicity: many readers are less intelligent and less knowledgeable than writers. STYLE FORCITED PUBLICATIONS. · Use Endnote or a similar reference-managing software to deal with more than a few cited publications (references). Cite references consistently in the style required by the essay assessment production outsourcing. If the style does not exist in your referencing software you report cover design cool annual have to find something close, then either edit the style or edit the final list of references. Report cover design cool annual that the style format in the software is correct: sometimes the format in which you have entered the references makes a difference. Make sure you give part numbers for journals or magazines that start with page 1 in each issue (e.g. Physician and Sportsmedicine ). Make sure every publication referred to in the article is in the reference list, and vice versa. There is no agreed style for citing material published only on the Web. See American Psychological Association (undated) for a short Web page on the problems. See also the Web document by Land (1998). The style for articles at the Sportscience site is unique, but similar to that of Psychopharmacology, Biological Psychiatry, or Journal of Cellular Biochemistry. In the body of the article refer to publications in this manner: Jones (1999), Jones and Brown (1999), and for three or more authors, Jones et al. (1999). When the citation is in parentheses, the style of citation is as follows: (Jones, 1999; Jones and Brown, 1999; Jones et al., 1999). Here are examples of the style of green university ladarius dalton state reference list for Metal presentation montessori software insets articles: Brown AB, Jones CD (1999). The title of a paper. Sports Journal 100, 23-46. Jones CD, Smith AB, Brown EF (1999). The title of another paper. Journal of Sport 100, 23-46. Smith CD, Brown AB (1999). This is the book title (second edition). City, State: Sport Publishers. Smith CD, Jones AB (editors) (1999). This is the title of the edited book (second edition). City, Country: Free Press. White AB (1999). This is the title of the book chapter. In Brown EF, Jones AB, Smith CD (editors): This is the book title (pages 33-44). City, State: Science Press. White AB, Brown CD (1999). The title of a paper in a Web journal. Sports Journal 2(3), (1234 words) White AB, Jones CD eyes for book reviews horror parents. The title of a Web document. : Host or Publisher. American Psychological Association( 1995). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (4th ed.). Washington DC: APA. American Psychological Association( undated). How to cite information from the Internet and the World Wide Web. :APA. Cohen J (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (second edition). Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum. Hopkins WG (1998). A scale of magnitude for effect statistics. : Internet Society for Sportscience. Land T (1998). Web extension to American Psychological Association style (Revision 1.5.2). :New York Connect Net. Young DS (1987). Implementation of SI units for clinical laboratory data. Annals of Internal Medicine 106,114-129. ©1999 Webmastered by Will Hopkins Published March 1999. Best Custom Essay Writing Service https://essayservice.com?tap_s=5051-a24331