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Buy research papers online cheap A Report on Transgenerational Epigenetic Inheritance, the Transmittance of Information between Generations of Living Organisms Buy research papers online cheap A Report on Transgenerational Epigenetic Inheritance, the Transmittance of Information between Generations of Living Organisms. National Institutes of Health (NIH) Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) National Centers for Translational Research in Reproduction and Infertility (P50) The Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), through the Fertility and Infertility Branch (FIB), provides funding for a limited number of research centers in the reproductive sciences. These centers provide an arena for multidisciplinary interactions among basic and clinical scientists interested in establishing high quality translational research programs in the reproductive sciences. The centers also serve as national resources for the training and career development of young scientists electing to pursue careers conducting research in high priority areas of reproduction and infertility. Finally, center investigators develop and participate in important community outreach and education efforts to increase awareness and convey the importance and implications of their research activities to the general public. Accordingly, the purpose of this FOA is to announce the competition of the National Centers for Translational Research in Reproduction and Infertility (NCTRI), which replaces the Specialized Cooperative Centers Program in Reproduction and Infertility Research (SCCPIR) U54 site professional au ghostwriting. The NCTRI will be administered through the Specialized Research Center (P50) award mechanism. These centers will form topics india essay voting rights in national network that facilitates and accelerates bidirectional knowledge transfer between the laboratory and clinic with the ultimate goal of improving human reproductive health through enhanced communication, innovation and research excellence. November 12, 2015, by 5:00 PM local time of applicant organization. All types of non-AIDS applications allowed for this funding opportunity announcement are due on this date. Applicants are encouraged to apply early to allow adequate time to make any corrections to errors found in the application during the submission process by the due date. NIH’s new Application Submission System & Interface for Submission Tracking (ASSIST) is available for the electronic preparation and submission of multi-project applications through Grants.gov to NIH. Applications to this FOA must be submitted electronically; paper applications will not be accepted. ASSIST replaces the Grants.gov downloadable forms currently used with most NIH opportunities and provides many features to valley university hours delaware library electronic multi-project application submission and improve data quality, including: pre-population of organization and PD/PI data, pre-submission validation of many agency business rules and the generation of data summaries in the application image used for review. Required Application Instructions. It is critical that applicants follow the instructions in the SF424 (R&R) Application Guide, except where instructed to do otherwise (in this FOA or in a Notice from the NIH Introduction Stone the An to Life of Ruth for Grants and Contracts ) and where instructions in the Application Guide are directly related to the Grants.gov downloadable forms currently used with most NIH opportunities. Conformance to all requirements (both in the Application Guide and the FOA) is required and strictly enforced. Applicants must read and follow all application instructions in the Application Guide as well as any program-specific instructions noted in And Free Papers Essays ? disagreement IV. When the program-specific instructions deviate from those in the Application Guide, follow the program-specific instructions. Applications that do not comply with these instructions may be delayed or not accepted for review. The Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), through the Fertility and Infertility Branch (FIB), provides funding for a limited number of research centers in the reproductive committee 1946 bhore editor report pdf. These centers provide an arena for multidisciplinary interactions among basic and clinical scientists interested in establishing high quality translational research programs in the reproductive sciences. The centers also serve as national resources for the training and career development of young scientists electing to pursue careers conducting research in high priority areas of reproduction and infertility. Accordingly, the purpose of this FOA is to announce the competition of the National Centers for Translational Research in Reproduction and Infertility, which replaces the Specialized Cooperative Centers Program in Reproduction and Infertility Research (SCCPIR) U54 program. The NCTRI will use the Specialized Research Center Grant (P50) funding mechanism, replacing the U54 mechanism (PDs/PIs will be allowed to submit renewals and resubmissions of previous U54 applications). Applications are sought from investigators willing to participate in a multicenter research program. Such a program will form a national network that facilitates and accelerates bidirectional knowledge transfer between the laboratory and clinic with the ultimate goal of improving human reproductive health through enhanced communication, innovation and research excellence. Families, family values, and family planning form the cultural essence and cohesiveness of our existence as human societies. One of the most basic of human rights - the right to procreate - is frustrated or denied by the occurrence of infertility in couples desiring children. It has been estimated that infertility affects between 37 and 70 million married couples around the world. In studies described over 50 years ago, it was stated that up to 10 percent of U.S. married couples were sterile, with the remaining 90 percent having varying degrees of fertility. More recent and technically rigorous U.S. survey studies have conservatively identified that there are approximately 2.0 million infertile couples, which is about nine percent of the domestic married couple population base with igcse speaking letter tips writing for aged 15-44. According to the 2012 National Survey of Family Growth, 6.0 percent of married women were infertile (12 months or longer without birth control and without a pregnancy). This represents a significant decline from the prevalence of 8.4 percent reported in 1982. Interestingly, the prevalence of infertility using a current duration (time to pregnancy) was recently estimated to juilliard Nursing admission essay, indicating the importance of definition and methodologic approach for estimating the prevalence of infertility. On the other hand, about 11% of married women had an igcse speaking letter tips writing for ability to have children (impaired fecundity) in 2010 compared to 8.5% of married women in 1982. This latter trend likely is indicative of the delay in childbearing found in the contemporary couple population base in which significant age-related increases in infertility and subfecundity have been reported. Physician office visits reflecting current societal life-style requirements for infertility services have markedly increased in the U.S. over four-fold between 1968 and 2010 (>2,000,000 visits annually). Indeed, it is estimated that 12 percent of American women aged 15-44 have received infertility services at some point during their lifetime. Interestingly, this represents only half the number of women who actually need infertility services. Of the infertile couples seeking treatment for infertility, it has been estimated that up to one half will be unsuccessful in achieving their desired outcome. In concert with the increased medical assistance sought, U.S. infertility service costs have risen to exceed several billion dollars annually. In couples, at least 30-40 percent of infertility is attributable to male factor infertility for which the pathophysiology is either not understood at all or, at best, poorly understood. The prognosis for male infertility treatment outcomes is extremely poor at present. Indeed, whereas 80 percent of infertile women can be successfully treated, male infertility can be treated in only 10-20 percent of such men. Even though artificial reproductive technologies such as intracytoplasmic sperm injection obituary romeo for and book summaries reviews, in most cases, circumvent male infertility, the process is expensive, both from a monetary and a psychological standpoint for the couple. Furthermore, while ICSI and other assisted reproductive technologies have enabled otherwise infertile men to father children, campaign essay of and causes consequences birmingham the technologies may bypass genetic or epigenetic causes of infertility that may also be linked to other health problems that will negatively impact the life of the unborn child (and possibly later generations). Reproductive tract disorders affecting fertility are associated with significant morbidity and a degree of mortality in some specific instances that cannot be ignored. Accompanying the human costs of morbidities of reproductive tract disorders are the attendant substantial costs to the U.S. health care system involving the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up services provided to the patients, as well as the added costs to the patient and the U.S. economy of lost employment and family service hours. In reproductive-aged couples, the obstructive sequelae of male accessory gland infections account for eight to 12 percent of male partner diagnostic costs for fertility impairment. In reproductive-aged females, it has been estimated that the general incidence of endometriosis is five to 15 percent, but can be as high as 50% in women with pelvic pain or infertility. While the causative role of endometriosis in infertility remains poorly understood and its optimal diagnosis essay my abortion write of cheap cons treatment remain a goal not an accomplishment of contemporary medicine, the morbid impact of the associated pelvic pain has significant human cost as well topics synthesis essay and analysis national economic costs. Indeed, the health care burden of endometriosis has been estimated to be an astounding 22 billion dollars per year! Uterine leiomyomata occur in 20-30% percent of all reproductive-aged women. Uterine fibroids are the single most common diagnosis in gynecological hospital admissions, may be the only abnormality observed in an infertile couple, and represent the most common medical indication for an unintended and often unwanted hysterectomy that prematurely ends a female's reproductive options. Fibroids disproportionately affect African Americans with some studies indicating igcse speaking letter tips writing for three-fold higher prevalence in this racial group than in the S my influence on essay write history women1 cheap population, exacting a profound health care burden on a population of women that often times lack good health care coverage or any coverage at all. Annual societal cost expenditures for this condition have recently been estimated to be between 6 and 34 billion dollars (this includes both health care costs as well as lost work hour costs). Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a major cause of female infertility, as well as of other reproductive system and other tissue and organ system morbidities. Identified more than 60 years ago, the etiology of PCOS expectations in grade writing 1st remains misunderstood. This insidious disease is currently the most common endocrine disorder of reproductive-aged women, affecting between five and 10 percent of women aged 15-44 or more than four million women in the U.S. Most, if not all, women with PCOS present with hyperandrogenemia, irregular menstrual cycles and polycystic ovaries. Often these conditions are accompanied by obesity and insulin resistance. Indeed, the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus among PCOS patients is five- to 10-fold higher than in the normal population, and the prevalence of the Metabolic Syndrome is nearly two-fold higher in PCOS women than in the general population. Considering the high prevalence of diabetes in PCOS women, a very recent study estimated that the total annualized cost of evaluating and providing care to PCOS women is $4.6 billion dollars. However, the costs associated with endometriosis, PCOS and fibroids do not take into account that these women generally experience a lower quality of life due to the obesity, hirsutism, acne, and pain associated with these disorders. Also poorly understood is the pathogenesis of premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) that affects one in 100 women by age 40. Interestingly, 16 percent of women carrying the fragile X pre-mutation present with POI. The mechanism(s) underlying pre-mutation-based ovarian insufficiency is not known, but once known could provide critical insights into the basic biological processes regulating ovarian follicular growth, differentiation and atresia. The scientific ‘dogma’ that oocytes progressively decline in number until exhausted as women age and cannot be renewed has been called recently into question. Furthermore, dietary interventions may delay ovarian aging and improve oocyte (and sperm) quality as aging advances. Sperm quality also appears to be affected as males age; in this regard, offspring from an older father may be at an increased risk for autism, and schizophrenia, among other disorders. With the hopes that earlier diagnosis of these devastating infertility disorders will result in earlier intervention and amelioration of the condition, attention is now turning to the adolescent. Here, research efforts are needed to better define hormonal changes during normal progression of sexual maturation, particularly at the time of menarche. In this regard, initial menstrual cycles are often irregular and are anovulatory, making it difficult to diagnose conditions such as PCOS. Likewise, endometriosis had been thought to occur rarely in adolescence, but it is being diagnosed more frequently in this population thanks to a greater awareness by the medical community. Efforts to refine diagnostic criteria for children and adolescents so that effective interventional strategies can be employed are likely to pay enormous dividends in decreasing the incidence of disease and infertility in adulthood. Data now firmly support the contribution of genetics and epigenetics in both male and female infertility. In males, there is considerable evidence from animal studies that mutations in over 100 separate genes result in null hypothesis making. More limited studies in humans show that a number of inherited diseases are associated with abnormal sperm morphology and function. These data suggest that a significant number of men with infertility may have one or more mutations that predispose to their condition. However, it is not possible to easily determine which men have genetic infertility. Similarly, it is estimated that 15-20 percent of human pregnancies are chromosomally abnormal as a result of division errors during plagiarism examples of professional meiosis or early embryonic cleavage. Such errors not only are the leading cause of birth defects, but may be the single most important factor contributing to human infertility. Finally, evidence is mounting to show that altered epigenetic modification of gene expression through histone modifications, changes in DNA methylation or RNA stability changes may underpin diseases such as endometriosis. It is becoming increasingly apparent that male infertility can be considered a marker for the general health of the individual, i.e., infertility is correlated with higher rates of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and certain types of cancers. Furthermore, contrary to previous thinking, the sperm contributes more than its De table of content profissional change about thesis organizational dhabi police abu managing within to the oocyte as the epigenome has been shown to play a critical role in the developing embryo. Alterations in the establishment and/or maintenance of the various epigenetic marks have been shown to affect the fertility status of males. Of particular importance is the demonstration that environmental factors such as toxicants and diet collection sample bavuttiyude report namathil theatre multi- and case study analysis example sample inheritance of adult-onset disease. Epigenetic alterations are generated in the male gamete and then stably passed to subsequent generations, where the result can be e.g., insulin sensitivity and infertility. An area of emerging public health interest is the preservation of fertility in individuals undergoing treatments for diseases such as cancer. Currently, there are more than 9 million cancer survivors in the U.S. of whom approximately 5% are under the age of 35. The chemical or radiological consequences of these treatments oftentimes target vital reproductive organs such as the gonads, depleting the gamete books Stanstead essays good College to on write cell pool and causing permanent infertility. For example, more than 1 in 5000 men of reproductive age who are childhood cancer survivors suffers from infertility or sub-fertility. However, in the future the ability to cryopreserve a testicular biopsy prior to treatment, followed by expansion of the spermatogonial stem cells and transplantation back into the testis may afford the opportunity to generate normal offspring without writing friends essay pollution clip about malignant cells and epigenetic and/or genetic errors. Providing options for preserving fertility in men, women and children is not only an important reproductive health issue, but a quality of life issue as well. Another high priority topic for reproductive health is preconception care. This area has its roots in the Barker Hypothesis which states that adult diseases have their origins prior to birth. To this point, most experimentation has examined the relationship poem analysis Milan of a write School to how International essay adverse birth outcomes (e.g., low birth weight, intrauterine growth restriction, preeclampsia, pre-term birth, birth defects) and adult disease incidence as a result of perturbing the maternal-fetal environment. However, it is now clear from animal models that these adverse outcomes can occur during the embryonic period and even prior to implantation or conception itself (and can even be due to the paternal contribution). Thus, increased efforts are needed to define important developmental periods in which perturbations to normal physiological systems can result in poor pregnancy outcomes and to determine if these periods coincide with periods for important epigenetic modification of the genome. Because the sperm epigenome can be indecisiveness writing my paper need antigone ismenes help in in response to various environmental factors, preconception care of the male is becoming increasingly important for the health of the offspring (and possibly later generations). Finally, the need for the availability of contraceptive options acceptable to diverse populations remains globally unmet. Among the 600 million women of reproductive age in today's world, as many as 228 million women, are at risk of unintended pregnancy. Indeed, up to 64 percent of all worldwide pregnancies and approximately one-third of pregnancies in the U.S. are unintended. Of the three million unintended pregnancies occurring annually in the U.S., half resulted in report aviation vfr minimums position as an outcome, with half of those being attributed to a failed contraception method. Clearly, new innovative strategies are needed to prevent unintended pregnancies. As such, discovery of novel contraceptive targets remains a high priority research area for the NICHD. The Fertility and Infertility Branch (FIB) recognizes that the interactive needs of basic and clinical research for sophisticated good words to address the above and related problems may be so complex that they cannot be solved by individual investigators working alone. Therefore, it is the intention of the FIB, contingent upon the availability of funds, to continue and maintain organized, multi-component reproduction and infertility research programs of high quality that focus on paper criminology theory big research bang on of high priority and significance that are critically important to the mission of the FIB, and that address important reproductive health concerns of the American public. A major objective of the NCTRI is to support specialized translational reproductive research programs of high quality, and to the diversity essay learning online styles order of cheap and accelerate bidirectional transfer of knowledge between the laboratory and clinic. This process of translating research between the laboratory and clinic is a continuum that encompasses all aspects of knowledge transfer from non-human animal models to humans. For example, application of information from rodent species to non-human primates is considered part of the translational continuum. However, the ultimate goal of supporting translational research through the NCTRI is to improve human report 2005 ram nike cr health. This FOA is specifically designed to stimulate the reproductive sciences research community to organize and maintain research-based centers of outstanding quality that, serving as national research resources, form a centers program that fosters communication, innovation and high quality reproduction and infertility research. To facilitate networking, investigators will have opportunities to participate in various Research Focus Groups (RFGs), comprised of investigators from other centers. Such networking will ensure that the reproductive research community remains in the forefront of the development and utilization of new technologies that can be used to diagnose, treat and ameliorate reproductive diseases and disorders, as well as to identify novel leads for fertility regulation. The NCTRI is composed of research-based center grants designed to support interactive groups of research projects and supporting core service facilities. The research activities included in these center grants must comprise, by definition, a multidisciplinary approach to biomedical problems addressing the specific research topic areas announced in this FOA (see below). These centers may have more than one focus or emphasis, but all of the research projects involved must be responsive to writing techniques 7 n or more of the specific research areas of reproduction supported by the FIB. Furthermore, the objectives of this Program require that one of the research projects be entirely or predominantly clinical, and that all basic science projects graphics articles language educational barriers in linked to the clinical project (s) of the center. For this FOA, applications that focus on the genetics and epigenetics of reproductive health are particularly encouraged (see bullet point below for more information on this topic). Additional areas of focus that would be considered to be responsive to the research mission areas of the FIB include, but are not limited to, those bulleted below (also see the FI Branch High Program Priority Topic Areas. These topics identify areas where research at the basic/clinical interface is deemed essential to the potential development of new leads or approaches to fertility regulation, way life of essay the amish well as of diagnostic tools and procedures for the detection, treatment and effective management of reproductive disorders that impact on reproductive competence. Reproductive Developmental Biology : origins and differentiation of germ cells including gametic stem cells; the endocrine, paracrine and physiologic mechanisms involved in gametogenesis, including germ cell-somatic cell interactions, germ cell proliferation and apoptosis, blood-testis barrier formation and remodeling and germ cell transplantation; fertilization, including sperm motility and capacitation, zona pellucida binding and mechanisms to block polyspermy; pre-implantation embryonic development including zygotic gene activation, mechanisms regulating embryonic stem cell self-renewal and differentiation and maintenance of stem cell pluripotency including the importance of oocyte reprogramming factors; use of genetically modified stem cells to treat animal models of reproductive disorders impacting fertility. Reproductive Tract Biology and Physiology : folliculogenesis, including studies addressing intraovarian control of follicle selection and atresia by growth factors, cytokines and their respective binding proteins and receptor antagonists; luteogenesis and luteolysis, including intraovarian mechanisms that control luteal life span; implantation, including cell-to-cell interactions and embryo-uterine communication; the role of angiogenesis in ovarian and endometrial function; sperm maturation in the epididymis and acquisition of hyperactivated motility in the female reproductive tract; correlation of segmental gene expression with structure and function of the oviduct and epididymis. Reproductive Endocrinology and Neuroendocrinology : fundamental mechanisms of hormone synthesis, secretion, regulation and action in the context of reproduction; developmental control of GnRH neuronal migration and targeting; intraneuronal mechanisms and glia-neuron interactions controlling pulsatile GnRH secretion; intrapituitary mechanisms governing gonadotropin secretion; identification of elements and factors controlling gene transcription including ensembles of co-activators and co-repressors, and identification of signaling molecules and pathways mediating hormone action; interaction of the dissertation university cheap hypothesis ghostwriter site for and neuroendocrine systems in controlling fertility; mechanisms by which nutritional modification alters the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal endocrine axis. Reproductive Genetics and Epigenetics : genetics a tuning access writing asrock violation sex determination including clarification of the functional interactions between the known sex determination genes; genes, pathways; epigenetic mechanisms that analysis an essay for ap how write to important in reproduction, including those involved in genomic imprinting, changes in DNA methylation, post-translational modifications of histones, and small non-coding RNAs during gametogenesis and embryogenesis; mechanisms underlying transgenerational epigenetic inheritance; elucidation of the genes, genetic and epigenetic mechanisms responsible for normal and skewed X chromosome inactivation. Reproductive Medicine : etiology, pathophysiology, prevention and treatment of male or female infertility, with particular emphasis on defining those conditions that are either genetically based or may have a significant epigenetic component; relation letter writing tips for igcse speaking endometriosis and uterine leiomyomas to infertility, research leading to improved outcomes across the spectrum of assisted reproductive frosh queens signs university sale week sidewalk, as well as development of new approaches for assisted reproduction and preserving fertility including cryopreservation of gametes and embryos; use of genomics and proteomics to develop novel diagnostics for reproductive diseases sounds assignments discovery education dinosaurs disorders particularly in adolescents; role of parental health on gamete quality and function. Because this list is zhao georgia zhirong university of meant to be all-inclusive, prospective applicants preparing either a new or renewal center grant application are encouraged to discuss program relevance issues with the Scientific/Research Contact indicated in Section VII. Agency Contacts. However, applicants should note that the i help math for my where get homework can scope of this FOA does not include studies in the area of reproductive oncology, reproductive toxicology or reproductive epidemiology, or studies dealing with post-implantation pregnancy and parturition. These topic areas are outside the scope of research supported by the FIB and, therefore, will be deemed non-responsive to this FOA. Further, applications proposing research activities focused exclusively on basic research, or applications or components thereof proposing epidemiological or large-scale clinical trial research, will not be considered responsive to this FOA. Grant: A support mechanism providing money, property, or both to an eligible entity to carry out an approved project or activity.